This article deals with appearance of microelectronics in the USSR and establishing of its innovation centre in Zelenograd, Moscow. Prerequisites for creation of the microelectronics, measures on the development of the scientific-research centre are considered and the acting persons presented. Structure of the centre is described as a complex research and development corporation with complete set of functions. Its enterprises are displayed as well as their specialization and their first achievements. The technical level of the microelectronics centre production released in the first years of work is evaluated as corresponding to the world’s manufacturing level; however, some reasons for lagging behind world leaders, beginning in the following period, are also mentioned.