We introduce a first-order quantum programming language, named FOQ, whose terminating programs are reversible. We restrict FOQ to a strict and tractable subset, named PFOQ, of terminating programs with bounded width, that provides a first programming language-based characterization of the quantum complexity class FBQP. Finally, we present a tractable semantics-preserving algorithm compiling a PFOQ program to a quantum circuit of size polynomial in the number of input qubits.