Building soft-tissue constraints through a mass spring system for liver surgical simulations
Abstract
Constraint between soft tissues (derived from MRI/CT image datasets) is a special type of intra-collision, with a spectrum of values for all the intra-surface frictions, e.g. an infinitely large value for those joined together. Different tissues have respective densities and stiffness, exhibiting various viscous and elastic characteristics. In liver surgical operations, when multiple tissue deformation occurs and interventional imaging through CT/MRI is not highly recommended due to its potential hazard to surgeons, there is no simple way to trace the surgically significant relative locations of tumours and major hepatic vessels. We make this difficulty our challenge. Because of its real-time response, our system was firstly developed as a surgical training simulator. An enhanced physical model generation method was presented to best keep the boundary relationships between connecting soft tissues in surgeon training simulations. This secured the deformations on the tissue boundaries, which within a distance of both sides of the boundary areas, were calculated in real-time with an improved accuracy. The underlying approach is the single organ Mass Spring System (MSS) which, for the first time, introduced an on-the-fly mesh refinement to the physical modelling circle. This method allows a real-time eformation response on a normal PC with only one CPU (Pentium 4, 2 GHz) and 512MB of RAM.
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