Cyber-physical systems, Industry 4.0, and Economy 4.0 are defined as current trends in industrial manufacturing and more broadly – in economy and society. Three non-technical challenges are distinguished: (1) a challenge to future employees requiring new educational methods; (2) a challenge to fixing errors in complex software and training datasets; and finally (3) a challenge to responsibility of complex software designers, developers and integrators. These challenges may be considered as directions of future research on Industry 4.0 and Economy 4.0. All these challenges have roots in technology, but they have far social consequences.