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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;15th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries (ICT4D)&lt;/i&gt;, May 2019, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. pp.14-25, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19115-3_2"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1007/978-3-030-19115-3_2&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
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                  <date type="end">2019-05-03</date>
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                <editor>Petter Nielsen</editor>
                <editor>Honest Christopher Kimaro</editor>
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                  <biblScope unit="serie">Information and Communication Technologies for Development. Strengthening Southern-Driven Cooperation as a Catalyst for ICT4D</biblScope>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Critical realism</term>
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              <p>ICT4D research is strongly oriented to practice but hardly ever explicitly uses the research paradigm of pragmatism. We argue that, though highly-relevant to ICT4D, pragmatism suffers some shortcomings in terms of its philosophy of the world, explanatory power, truth-testing, and values. We suggest that “pragmatist-critical realism” – a novel research paradigm combining pragmatism and critical realism – can address these shortcomings and provide a valuable foundation for ICT4D research; particularly action-oriented research. We outline a four-step operational methodology for pragmatist-critical realism based on a research project that created an “e-resilience” action plan applying ICTs to strengthen resilience of farming communities in Uganda. We hope other action- and design-oriented ICT4D researchers will be encouraged to assess whether pragmatist-critical realism could form a useful basis for their future research.</p>
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