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            <title xml:lang="en">Towards Pupil-Assisted Target Selection in Natural Settings: Introducing an On-Screen Keyboard</title>
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                <forename type="first">Christoph</forename>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;16th IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT)&lt;/i&gt;, Sep 2017, Bombay, India. pp.534-543, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67687-6_37"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1007/978-3-319-67687-6_37&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
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            <note type="commentary">Part 7: Pointing and Target Selection</note>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Towards Pupil-Assisted Target Selection in Natural Settings: Introducing an On-Screen Keyboard</title>
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                    <forename type="first">Christoph</forename>
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                    <forename type="first">Lukas</forename>
                    <surname>Greiter</surname>
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                    <forename type="first">Anke</forename>
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                  <title>16th IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT)</title>
                  <date type="start">2017-09-25</date>
                  <date type="end">2017-09-29</date>
                  <settlement>Bombay</settlement>
                  <country key="IN">India</country>
                </meeting>
                <editor>Regina Bernhaupt</editor>
                <editor>Girish Dalvi</editor>
                <editor>Anirudha Joshi</editor>
                <editor>Devanuj K. Balkrishan</editor>
                <editor>Jacki O'Neill</editor>
                <editor>Marco Winckler</editor>
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                  <publisher>Springer International Publishing</publisher>
                  <biblScope unit="serie">Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2017</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="volume">LNCS-10515</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="issue">Part III</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">534-543</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2017</date>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Physiological computing</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Gaze-based interaction</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Eye typing</term>
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              <p>Preliminary reports have shown the possibility to assist input commands in HCI via pupil dilation. Applicability of these findings is however subject to further investigations, since the specificity of changes in diameter is low, e.g. through variations in brightness. Investigating employability and shape of pupil size dynamics outside a strictly controllccced laboratory, we implemented the emulation of selection via an integrated mechanism of pupil dilation and constriction that could speed up a dwell time of 1.5 s. During the operation of an on-screen keyboard, 21 subjects were able to type via this mechanism, needing 1 s on average per keystroke and producing only slightly more than 1% false positive selections. Hereby, pupil dynamics were assessed. More than 90% of keystrokes could be accelerated under assistance of pupil variations. As suggested from basic research, pupil dilated when fixating later selected keys and constricted shortly afterwards. This finding was consistent between all subjects, however, pupil dynamics were shifted in regard to temporal occurrence and amplitude of diameter changes. Pupil-Assisted Target Selection shows potential in non-strictly controlled environments for computer input and may be further improved on the basis of this data. This might culminate in an integrated gaze-based object selection mechanism that could go beyond the benchmarking dwell time performance.</p>
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              <org type="consortium">TC 13</org>
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