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                <title xml:lang="en">Modeling Less-Literate User’s Choices of Smartphone Authentication Modes</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">User modeling</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Migration model</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Digitization</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Demonetization</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Smartphone</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Usable security</term>
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              <p>Smartphones are increasingly becoming a device of choice or are imperative in the discourse of Digitization of services such as banking within a developing country like India. At the same time, a large population within India is less-literate [1, 4, 5] who are also the primary beneficiaries of our research. We believe that Emergent Users [2] are the next set of users who are likely to adopt smartphones and technology in a larger context. Amongst these emergent users we expect that a large class of users are less-literate, more comfortable with native languages and have never directly consumed any digital technology based information system. For this fieldtrip study, we would be considering only users who fall under such criteria. Specifically those within an age limit of 40 years, prior exposure to a smartphone for a duration of at least 6 months, education not more than class 10, and no prior (non-mediated) use of desktop computer information systems.Within the ecosystem of the smartphone, namely, the phone itself comprising of an operating system and mobile applications on the phone, as well as those on the Internet cloud, a mandatory creation of a Digital Identity in the form of a Google Account is required.Currently, the notion of digital identity Authorization in most smartphone-based applications is implemented using a variety of choices, such as, password, PIN, patterns, biometrics such as fingerprint, voice. In the context of our users, namely emergent users [2], each of these authentication modes has a Usability aspect to it, which has a strong influence on the user and their adoption. For example, issues such as literacy levels are expected to play a role in the composition of passwords or use of local languages in usability of passwords.In this Field Study, we wish to explore the Migration Model of the users amongst all these authentication modes. For example, how do users trade off PIN to Passwords to Biometrics; what triggers in their context of use, bring about these migrations when potentially the user may have chosen an alternative authentication mode.</p>
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